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This book reviews the principle and rationale for using artificial
gravity during space missions, and describes the current options
proposed, including a short-radius centrifuge contained within a
spacecraft. Experts provide recommendations on the research needed
to assess whether or not short-radius centrifuge workouts can help
limit deconditioning of physiological systems. Many detailed
illustrations are included.
Investigations in space have led to fundamental discoveries of the
human body to the space environment. Gilles Clement has conducted
extensive research in this field. This readable text presents the
findings from the life science experiments conducted during and
after space missions. About 1200 human space flights have been
completed to date, including more than 500 astronauts from various
countries, for a combined total presence in space of about 90
years. The first edition of this title was published in 2005
(written in 2003 - 2004), and new data is now available from
crewmembers participating in long-duration flights on board the
International Space Station (ISS). The number of astronauts who
have spent six months in orbit has doubled since 2004. On board the
ISS, the astronauts use newly developed pharmaceutical
countermeasure for bone loss (such as biophosphonates) and
state-of-the-art exercise resistive devices against muscle atrophy
and cardiovascular deterioration. The ISS life support systems now
use advanced closed-loop systems for meeting the needs of a
6-person crew, including recycling urine to water. Some of these
new technologies have potential spin-offs for medical (i.e.,
sedentary life style, obesity) and environmental issues here on
Earth. And finally, there are new space research opportunities with
the Orion space vehicle that will soon replace the Space Shuttle,
the Moon, and Mars space exploration program that is slowly but
surely taking shape, and the space tourism sector that has become a
reality. The focus on this edition is the ISS, Orion and planetary
exploration, and space tourism. This edition also includes more
than 20% new material, along with photographs, data, and video
clips for Springer Extras!
About 1200 human space flights have been completed to date,
including more than 500 astronauts from various countries, for a
combined total presence in space of about 90 years. The 21st
expedition crew is currently in residence aboard the International
Space Station, continuing a permanent presence in space that began
in 2000. During that time, investigations have been conducted on
both humans and animal models to study bone demineralization,
muscle de-conditioning, space motion sickness, changes in immune
function, crew and crew-ground interactions, post flight
orthostatic intolerance, and the medical issues of living in a
space environment, such as the effects of radiation and the risk of
developing kidney stones. Results of these investigations have led
to fundamental discoveries about the adaptation of the human body
to the space environment. Gilles Cl ment has been active in this
research. This book presents in a readable text the findings from
life science experiments conducted during and after space missions.
"Fundamentals of Space Medicine, 2nd Edition" looks at the future
of human space flight and what comes next. For the next ten years,
the ISS will be a fully operational material and life science
laboratory with a permanent crew of six astronauts. A new
spacecraft named Orion will soon replace the Space Shuttle for
transporting humans to the ISS and later to the Moon and Mars.
However, many physiological, psychological, operational, and
scientific issues need to be solved before establishing manned Moon
and Mars bases. Finally, the emerging commercial sub-orbital flight
capability captures the imagination of both the public and the
scientific community. This book also identifies the showstoppers
that are foreseen for all these space missions, and what do we need
to learn to understand fully the implications and risks for space
explorers and space tourists.
This book is intended as an overview at an undergraduate or early
university level and describes the effects of spaceflight at
cellular and organism levels. Past, current, and future research on
the effects of gravity - or its absence - and ionizing radiation on
the evolution, development, and function of living organisms is
presented in layman's terms by researchers who have been active in
this field. The purpose is to enlighten science and non-science
readers to the benefits of space biology research for conducting
basic and applied research to support human exploration of space
and to take advantage of the space environment as a laboratory for
scientific, technological, and commercial research. The first
chapters present an overview of the major focuses of space research
in biology, as well as the history and the list of animals and
plants that have flown in space to date.
This readable text presents findings from the life science
experiments conducted during and after space missions. It provides
an insight into the space medical community and the real challenges
that face the flight surgeon and life science investigator.
Celebrated landscape architect Gilles Clement may be best known for
his public parks in Paris, including the Parc Andre Citroen and the
garden of the Musee du Quai Branly, but he describes himself as a
gardener. To care for and cultivate a plot of land, a capable
gardener must observe in order to act and work with, rather than
against, the natural ecosystem of the garden. In this sense, he
suggests, we should think of the entire planet as a garden, and
ourselves as its keepers, responsible for the care of its
complexity and diversity of life. "The Planetary Garden" is an
environmental manifesto that outlines Clement's interpretation of
the laws that govern the natural world and the principles that
should guide our stewardship of the global garden of Earth. These
are among the tenets of a humanist ecology, which posits that the
natural world and humankind cannot be understood as separate from
one another. This philosophy forms a thread that is woven through
the accompanying essays of this volume: "Life, Constantly
Inventive: Reflections of a Humanist Ecologist" and "The Wisdom of
the Gardener." Brought together and translated into English for the
first time, these three texts make a powerful statement about the
nature of the world and humanity's place within it.
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